University of West Hungary
Faculty of Forestry
Theses of doctoral (PhD) dissertation
Investigation of urban and peri-urban soils in the
area of Sopron and Szombathely
Adrienn Horváth
Sopron
2016
2
Doctoral School:
Pál Kitaibel Doctoral School of Environmental Science
Head of the Doctoral School:
Prof. Dr. Zoltán Kolláth
Scientific Program:
Bioenvironmental Sciences (K1)
Head of Program:
Prof. Dr. Levente Albert
Supervisor:
Dr. habil András Bidló
associate professor, Head of Institute
3
Introduction and aims of the dissertation
In 2011, the University of West Hungary carried out a
complex urban ecology project, which investigated the effects of
urbanization, industry, agriculture and forestry on the natural
environment. Three Hungarian cities (Sopron, Szombathely,
Székesfehérvár) have been selected as case study areas, where
chemical, hydrological, pedologycal analyses and GIS surveys
were made (A
LBERT
&
J
ANCSÓ
, 2012). The main aim of the
project was to identify the changes in the environment, which
were formed by the different geological and other
circumstances, but mostly occurred due to the same human
impacts.
The main goal of the dissertation is to introduce the soil
conditions of Sopron and Szombathely based on the results of
chemical, physical properties and heavy metal concentrations
(Co, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn). Secondary aim was to detect the
connections between the investigated soil layers, as well as
between the soil conditions and land use. Results can help to
identify the local pollutions and their potential causes more
easily. There were any complex investigations before like this.
4
Aims of dissertation:
- Investigation of the soil conditions of the selected cities
(Sopron, Szombathely) and analyses the physical and
chemical properties;
- Determination of the available concentration of toxic
elements (Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn) and comparison of the
results with suggested limits or limits by law;
- Evaluation of heavy metal mobility based on soil
properties, which are influencing the amount of toxic
elements;
- Comparison of the results of 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm soil
layers to each other on each sampling point, statistical
analysis of their connections;
- Classification of the soil samples into land use categories,
detection of the contamination of land use types;
- Additional investigation of land use categories with
extremely high values and sensitive areas with enrichment
factors. Assessment of possible harmful effects of toxic
metals.
.
5
Materials and methods
The aim of the investigations was to determine the
impact of human activities on urban and peri-urban soils. A total
of 192 soil samples were collected at depths of 0-10 and 10-20
cm from the area of Sopron and Szombathely. After the analysis
of chemical and physical properties, the available heavy metal
concentrations were measured using ICP-OES according to the
method of Lakanen and Erviö. In additional, the total content of
toxic elements (MSZ 21470-50-2006) was investigated in case
of extremely high available copper values and sediment samples
(from thalweg and dead region). That were collected from the
bank of the Rák creek at 6 sampling points to calculate
enrichment factors to assess the possible harmful effects of toxic
metals in Sopron. The field and laboratory data were processed
using a GIS softver (DigiTerraMap). Six elements were selected
for analyses (Co, Cd, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb), which are prominent in
urban soils. The results were evaluated based on the limit values
by Hungarian law and on the limits suggested by KÁDÁR
(1998). Statistical analysis was carried out with Microsoft
Office Excel 2003, STATISTICA 11 and R Studio. C2 program
was used for the distribution of toxic elements. For studying the
relationships between land use categories, cluster analysis was
used, applying PAST 2.17c.
6
Results and discussion
The pH of urban soils was generally slightly alkaline in
both cities; therefore the occurrence of toxic elements in high
concentrations was not typical. For all investigated sampling
points, no significant differences were found between the
concentrations of the different soil layers. Values above
pollution limit were observed at several sampling points in
upper layer, but in fewer cases higher or outstanding values
were detected in the lower layer. The Cd, Co and Ni values were
lower than the suggested natural background limits. In
Szombathely the copper values exceeded the natural background
concentrations in several cases; the pollution limit (40 mg
Cu/kg) was not reached. But extremely high result were
measured on viticulture areas of Sopron (>90 mg Cu/kg), where
the copper content is available for the plants in ~75%. Samples
taken alongside busy roads, especially in the city center, were
contaminated with lead due to the continuous traffic. The Pb
concentration decreased slightly towards the suburban areas of
the cities. Nevertheless, as the suburban soils were more acidic,
even the lower pollution caused by the lower traffic level could
be dangerous because of the increase in toxic element mobility.
Available zinc exceeded the intervention limit in soils of
Szombathely, which were taken from the bank of the Gyöngyös
creek. For all heavy metals, the highest pollution level in both
layers was found in the soils of parks in Sopron. In urban and
peri-urban soils of Szombathely, the weakest correlation was
7
found in case of Cd between the two layers (R = 0.55) on p
<0.05 significance level. In case of two elements, the strongest
connection was showed between Cu and Cd (R = 0.76) on p
<0.05. Linear connection was found between Cu, Pb and Zn
contents. Based on the cluster analysis, the land use categories
with similar properties connected as well. Airborne pollutants
are absorbed easily in green areas of the city or are washed into
the soils of the parks or bank of creeks.
The statistical analysis
of urban and peri-urban soils of Sopron showed the weakest
correlation in case of Zn between the two layers (R = 0.65) on p
<0.05 significance level. In case of two elements, the strongest
connection was showed between Cu and Pb (R = 0.70) on p
<0.05 significance level. Co and Ni contents showed uniform
distribution because their presence is evident due to the natural
bedrock. Based on the cluster analysis, the land use categories
with similar properties also connected as well. Summarized, the
airborne pollutants are absorbed easily in green areas of the city
or are washed into the soils of parks or bank of creeks. The toxic
elements of sediment showed the following tendency: Pb > Zn >
Cu > Ni = Co. The EF values were generally higher in dead
region than in thalweg except of GYORI point. Lead had the
highest EF values between the five metals investigated. The EF
values for Pb were generally greater than five which indicates
the moderate degree of Pb contamination inside the town. Zn
had the second highest EF values among metals studied. Co, Cu
and Ni exhibited the lowest in our EF values. The largest heavy
metal values were in sampling point GYORI. The EF values for
Pb and Zn increased towards city.
8
Theses
1)
The soil pH of the two settlements was mostly slightly
alkaline due to anthropogenic influences in the downtown.
2)
The soils of the cities are acidic on the suburb and they
tend to acidification, therefore these areas are threatened
by the growing pollution of toxic elements.
3)
There is a strong correlation between the heavy metal
concentrations of 0-10 and 10-20 cm soil layers on each
sampling points in both cities.
4)
Due to the surface deposition of pollutants, the pollution
limit in the upper layer was exceeded in many sample
points. In a few sample points, available heavy metal
content showed extremely high values in the lower layer.
5)
For both layers the highest total load was found in soils of
public parks in Sopron. In Szombathely, the highest total
load was detected in soils of Gyöngyös creek.
6)
For both investigated cities the Cd, Co and Ni values of
the soil samples were lower than the suggested natural
background limits.
7)
The copper values exceeded the natural background
concentrations in several cases. In Szombathely, the
pollution limit (40 mg Cu/kg) was not reached, whereas in
viticulture areas of Sopron, extremely high values were
9
measured (>90 mg Cu/kg). Around 75% of this copper
content is available for plants.
8)
Samples taken alongside busy roads, especially in the city
center, were contaminated with lead due to the continuous
contamination. The accumulation of Pb was confirmed by
moderate enrichment of sediment samples, which are
originated from the busiest transport hub of Sopron.
9)
Zn values exceeded the interventional pollution limit (80
mg/kg) several times. These samples were taken from the
bank of the Gyöngyös creek in Szombathely. In case of
Sopron, outliers were typical in soils of the traffic zones.
10
Publications
Journal articles and articles in reviewed journals
Horváth A., Szűcs P., Kámán O., Németh E., Bidló A. (2013):
Talajtulajdonságok
vizsgálata
Szombathelyen.
In: Talajvédelem 2013. pp. 237-248.
ISBN 978-963-08-6322-3
Number of citations: 2
Horváth A., Szűcs P., Kámán O., Németh E., Bidló A. (2013):
Sopron város és környéke feltalajának vizsgálata.
Tájökológiai Lapok 11(1):125-134.
Number of citations: 2
A. Horváth, P. Szűcs, A. Bidló (2015): Soil condition and
pollution in urban soils: Evaluation of the soil quality in
a hungarian town. J Soils Sediments 15(8):1825-1835.
Springer DOI 10.1007/s11368-014-0991-4
(IF: 2,139) Number of citations: 5
Horváth A., Bidló A. (2015): Városi talajok nehézfém
vizsgálatai a nyugat-dunántúli régióban (Esettanulmány)
In: Rajkai K. (szerk.) Agrokémia és Talajtan. 06/2015;
Akadémiai
Kiadó.
64(1):139-158.
DOI:10.1556/0088.2015.64.1.10
A. Horváth, R. Szita, A. Bidló, Z. Gribovszki (2016): Changes
of soil and sediment properties due the impact of the
urban environment. Journal of Environmental Earth
Sciences, Springer (under review and send for revision)
(IF: 1,765)
ENGE-D-16-00804
11
Book chapters
Horváth A., Kámán O., Németh E., Szűcs P., Bidló A. (2012):
Szombathely város talajai. In: Albert L., Bidló A.,
Gribovszki Z., Horváth A., Jancsó T. (szerk.) Városok
öko-környezetének komplex vizsgálata. pp. 32-35.
Horváth A., Kámán O., Németh E., Szűcs P., Bidló A. (2012):
A város rövid jellemzése. In: Albert L., Bidló A.,
Gribovszki Z., Horváth A., Jancsó T. (szerk.) Városok
öko-környezetének komplex vizsgálata. p. 39.
Horváth A., Kámán O., Németh E., Szűcs P., Bidló A. (2012):
Sopron város talajai. In: Albert L., Bidló A., Gribovszki
Z., Horváth A., Jancsó T. (szerk.) Városok öko-
környezetének komplex vizsgálata. pp. 39-43.
Presentations
Horváth A., Szűcs P., Kámán O., Németh E., Bidló A. (2012):
Városi talajok jellemzésének lehetőségei Sopron
példáján. V. magyar tájökológiai konferencia. 2012.
augusztus 30. - szeptember 1. Sopron.
Horváth A., Kámán O., Szűcs P., Németh E., Bidló A. (2012):
Városi talajok fizikai és kémiai állapotának vizsgálata
Nyugat-Magyarországon.
9.
Magyar
Ökológus
Kongresszus. 2012. szeptember 5-7. Keszthely.
Horváth A., Szűcs P., Kámán O., Németh E., Bidló A. (2012):
Városi talajok jellemzésének lehetőségei Sopron
példáján. III. Települési Környezet Konferencia. 2012.
november 22-23. Debrecen.
12
A. Horváth, P. Szűcs, O. Kámán, E. Németh, A. Bidló (2013):
Soil features in Sopron, Science for Sustainability
International Scientific Conference for PhD Students.
19-20. March 2013. Győr.
A. Horváth, O. Kámán, E. Németh, P. Szűcs, A. Bidló (2013):
Evaluation of the quality of urban soils in Sopron, EGU
General Assembly. 7-13 April 2013 Wien.
Horváth A., Bidló A. (2013): Soproni városi talajok nehézfém
vizsgálatának első eredményei, PhD. hallgatók
környezettudományi
Konferenciája.
2013.06.06.
Budapest.
Horváth
A.,
Bidló
A.
(2013):
Sopron
talajainak
nehézfémtartalma, Kari Tudományos Konferencia. 2013.
december 10. Sopron.
Horváth A., Bidló A. (2014): Városi talajok nehézfém
vizsgálatai a nyugat-dunántúli régióban, Talajtani
Vándorgyűlés, 2014. szeptember 4-6. Keszthely.
A. Horváth, A. Bidló (2015): Topsoil investigation on two
different urban areas in West Hungary. EGU General
Assembly 14. April 2015. Wien.
Conference articles
Horváth A., Bidló A., Szűcs P., Kámán O. (2011): Sopron
város talajainak állapota. In: Lakatos F., Szabó Z.
(szerk.): Nyugat-magyarországi Egyetem, Erdőmérnöki
Kar, Kari Tudományos Konferencia Kiadvány. NymE
Kiadó, Sopron, pp. 220 - 226.
13
Horváth A., Bidló A., Szűcs P., Kámán O., Németh E. (2012):
Soil Conditions in Sopron. In:
Neményi, M., Heil, B.,
Kovács, A J., Facskó, F. (eds.) International Scientific
Conference on Sustainable Development and Ecological
Footprint: The Impact of Urbanization, Industrial and
Agricultural Technologies on the Natural Environment,
Sopron: Nyugat-magyarországi Egyetem, p. 1-6.
(ISBN:978-963-334-047-9)
Horváth A., Szűcs P., Kámán O., Németh E., Bidló A. (2012):
Dunántúli városi talajok vizsgálata. In: Fazekas I., Szabó
V. (szerk.) A környezettudatos települések felé. pp. 253-
259. III. Települési Környezet Konferencia. Meridián
Alapítvány. Debrecen (ISBN 978-963-08-5294-4)
A. Horváth, A. Bidló (2014): The impact of land use types on
urban soils. In: A. Polgár, T. Bazsó, G. Nagy, B. Gálos:
Local and Regional Challenges of Climate Change
Adaptation and Green Technologies, Sopron, pp. 80-84.
Horváth A., Szűcs P., Bidló A. (2014): Városi talajok
széntárolásának összehasonlítása. In: Bidló A., Horváth
A., Szűcs P. (szerk.) IV. Kari Tudományos Konferencia:
Konferencia kiadvány. Sopron pp. 194-197.
ISBN:978-963-359-033-1
Posters
Horváth A., Bidló A., Szűcs P. és Kámán O., Németh E.
(2011): Sopron város talajainak állapota. NymE,
Erdőmérnöki Kar, Kari Tudományos Konferencia. 2011.
október 5. Sopron.
14
A. Horváth, A. Bidló, P. Szűcs, O. Kámán, E. Németh (2012):
Condition of soil in Sopron. International Scientific
Conference on Sustainable Development & Ecological
Footprint - The Impact of Urbanization, Industrial and
Agricultural Technologies on the Natural Environment,
26 - 27 March 2012 Sopron.
Horváth A., Kámán O., Szűcs P., Németh E., Bidló A. (2012):
Városi talajok fizikai és kémiai állapotának vizsgálata
Nyugat-Magyarországon.
9.
Magyar
Ökológus
Kongresszus, 2012. szeptember 5-7. Keszthely.
A. Horváth, P. Szűcs, O. Kámán, E. Németh, A. Bidló (2013):
Soil features in Sopron, Science for Sustainability
International Scientific Conference for PhD Students,
Győr.19-20 March, 2013.
A. Horváth, P. Szűcs, A. Bidló (2013): The diversity of urban
soils in the west-transdanubian region, SUITMA7,
Torun, Poland, 16-20 September 2013.
A. Horváth, A. Bidló (2014): Heavy metal pollution in urban
soils of Sopron, Geophysical Research Abstracts, 27
April - 2 May 2014 Wien.
A. Horváth, A. Bidló (2014): Heavy metal investigations in the
urban soils of a Hungarian city, 20th World Congress of
Soil Science, 8-13 June 2014 Jeju, South Korea. AF1844
Horváth A., Bidló A. (2014): Területhasználatok hatásának
vizsgálata városi talajokban, In: Sisák I., Homor A.,
Hernádi H. (szerk.) A talajok térbeli változatossága –
elméleti
és
gyakorlati
vonatkozások:
Talajtani
Vándorgyűlés. Keszthely.
15
Abstracts, abstractbooks
Horváth A., Bidló A., Szűcs P. és Kámán O. (2011): Sopron
város talajainak állapota. In: Lakatos F., Szabó Z.
(szerk.) NymE, Erdőmérnöki Kar, Kari Tudományos
Konferencia összefoglalók, Sopron. p. 86.
Horváth A., Bidló A., Szűcs P., Kámán O., Németh E. (2012):
Soil Conditions in Sopron. Abstract Papers, International
Scientific Conference on Sustainable Development and
Ecological Footprint: The Impact of Urbanization,
Industrial and Agricultural Technologies on the Natural
Environment,
Nyugat-magyarországi
Egyetem,
2012.03.26-27., Sopron, p. 1-2.
Horváth A., Szűcs P., Kámán O., Németh E., Bidló A. (2012):
Városi talajok jellemzésének lehetőségei Sopron
példáján. V. Magyar Tájökológiai Konferencia,
Absztrakt kötet. 2012. augusztus 30-31. Sopron. p. 25.
Horváth A., Szűcs P., Kámán O., Németh E., Bidló A. (2012):
Városi talajok vizsgálata a Dunántúlon. 9. Magyar
Ökológus Kongresszus Programfüzet. 2012. szeptember
5-7., Keszthely. p. 53.
A. Horváth, P. Szűcs, O. Kámán, E. Németh, A. Bidló (2013):
Soil features in Sopron, Science for Sustainability
International Scientific Conference for PhD Students,
Győr, 19-20 March 2013. p. 31.
A. Horváth, O. Kámán, E. Németh, P. Szűcs, A. Bidló (2013):
Evaluation of the quality of urban soils in Sopron,
Geophysical Research Abstracts, 7-12 April 2013 Wien
EGU2013-825
Horváth A., Bidló A. (2013): Soproni városi talajok nehézfém
vizsgálatának első eredményei, PhD. hallgatók
környezettudományi Konferenciája. Budapest.
16
A. Horváth, P. Szűcs, A. Bidló (2013): The diversity of urban
soils in the west-transdanubian region, SUITMA7,
Torun, Poland, 16-20 September 2013, Abstracts, p. 37
ISBN 978-83-934096-3-1
Horváth
A.,
Bidló
A.
(2013):
Sopron
talajainak
nehézfémtartalma. In: Bidló A., Szabó Z. (szerk.) NymE,
Erdőmérnöki Kar, Kari Tudományos Konferencia
összefoglalók, Sopron. p. 61.
A. Horváth, A. Bidló (2014): Heavy metal pollution in urban
soils of Sopron, Geophysical Research Abstracts, 27
April - 2 May 2014 Wien EGU2014-248
A. Horváth, A. Bidló (2014): Heavy metal investigations in the
urban soils of a Hungarian city, 20th World Congress of
Soil Science, 8-13 June 2014 Jeju, South Korea. AF1844
Horváth A., Bidló A. (2014): Városi talajok nehézfém
vizsgálatai a nyugat-dunántúli régióban. In: Sisák I.,
Homor A., Hernádi H. (szerk.) A talajok térbeli
változatossága - elméleti és gyakorlati vonatkozások:
Talajtani Vándorgyűlés. Keszthely. pp. 53-54.
Horváth A., Bidló A. (2014): Területhasználatok hatásának
vizsgálata városi talajokban. In: Sisák I., Homor A.,
Hernádi H. (szerk.) A talajok térbeli változatossága -
elméleti
és
gyakorlati
vonatkozások:
Talajtani
Vándorgyűlés. Keszthely, pp. 112-113.
A. Horváth, A. Bidló (2015): Topsoil investigation on two
different urban areas in West Hungary, EGU General
Assembly 2015. Bécs, Ausztria, 14 April 2015
EGU2015- 8465
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