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Internet History Japan Aug. 24, 2003
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tarix | 11.07.2018 | ölçüsü | 430,5 Kb. | | #55459 |
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Aug. 24, 2003 Kazunori Konishi
Objectives (1) Recording of the Pioneers’ efforts (2) Study on technical trend for investing the resources. (3) Lessons Learned from the History for the new problems; human nature will not change, though political or technical environments might face the big changes. =>> “Grass roots activities” should be based on human nature; ex. AP* activities.
Number of RFCs by Japanese
Over Provisioning of the bandwidth
Following pages are extracted from my presentation at IWS2001. http://www.jp.apan.net/meetings/IWS2001
Contents
ALOHAnet(1980) Lead by Professor Norman Abramson Coordinated at Pacific Telecom- munications Council(PTC) Professor Oizumi @ Tohoku-U joined the network. NASA(KDD) donated the satellite circuit, recommended by MPT KDD was rich, with the monopoly & high cost of the services.
UUCPnet/Usenet(1985) Operated by KDD Labs. on a volunteer basis. PSTN & PSDN were used. The partners became commercialized later on: UUnet, Eunet. “Membership” allowed the operation over the public networks, without any license. Limited resources were allocated, because OSI was promising in those days.
BITNET(1985) IBM donated the circuit & equipments, promoting SNA. Science University of Tokyo(SUT) organized private universities. The US power enabled to use the leased circuit without any license.
WIDE(1989) of engineers at commercial companies & universities. (Murai had organized UUCP domestic network “JUNET”) U-Hawaii’s PACCOM project organized AP regional networks. Governments were still persistent in OSI, though they knew OSI was being defeated. (US Gov. also declared the adoption of OSI products) Industries & Universities required the “illegal?” activities of WIDE.
SINET(1992) Government was forced to adopt TCP/IP in addition to OSI. OSI was the primary protocol for a while. The big budget enabled the large membership. A Ministry can use the leased circuit without any license; not hierarchy among governments. Government is not so flexible.
APAN(1998) NSF required the transit services over TransPAC link. The owners of point-to-point links started the collaborated operations. AP Regional networks were developed with a hub in Tokyo. The institutions with advanced research projects are allowed to use TransPAC link.
Issues NGI vs. Commercial Networks Cost Sharing of International links - Dispute between USA vs. “Europe & Asia”
IT Strategy Headquarters vs. Governments - Do the Japanese adopt/like a hierarchical government system?
Telephone services will be taken over by the Internet.
NGI vs. Commercial Networks NGI - Testbed networks for high speed applications
- Premature technologies should be experimented.
- Should lead the deployment of the advanced technologies.
Commercial Networks - Reliable operation is critical.
- Business oriented.
Cost Sharing between USA and the other regions. “Fair cost sharing” were widely discussed in ITU as well as in Inter-government projects; it was requested that US should pay more for the international links. Globalization of ISP businesses seems to solve the problem. NSF’s HPIIS seems to lessen the problem for the time being.
Economy in AP region is quite diverse. Economy in AP region is quite diverse. AP countries are less organized than Europe. Cost sharing is very difficult. Possible solutions are - One country pays for the whole link.
- Each country pays for the half link.
IT Strategy Headquarters vs. Governments Can IT Strategy Headquarters be independent from the other government agencies? Can IT Strategy Headquarters organize the network engineers such as JET in USA? Do the government agencies accept the administration by IT Strategy Headquarters?
Telephone over the Internet(1) International circuits(estimation) - Bandwidth: telephone vs. Internet = 1 : 10
- Budget: telephone vs. Internet = 10 : 1
- Telephone is the value-added service: 100 times than the Internet. Cost per International bandwidth
- Cable capacity will increase more than twice per year.
- Cost per bandwidth might decrease 30%~ per year.
- Cost depends on the redundant capacity.
Telephone has been replaced and will be replaced by the Internet. Telephone has been replaced and will be replaced by the Internet. - Fax over PSTN has been replaced by the Internet.
- Phone over PSTN will be gradually replaced by the Internet.
The bandwidth of the Internet can be dramatically increased by saving “Phone service”.
Future Higher speed applications will be deployed. Higher speed in both subscriber & backbone links will be required. PSTN will be a backup network of the Internet for the phone services in the near future. Joint operation of NGI networks is critical in the current society in JP; each government agency will expand/keep the budget for NGI activities. The bandwidth of the Internet will be dramatically increased, taking over expensive Phone services.
Summary NGI in Japan will be jointly operated by multiple government agencies: APAN2? Cost sharing between USA and AP/EU should be discussed again for the post-HPIIS project; global ISPs will not exist in NGI. We also should show US citizens are getting the benefits from HPIIS project. The Internet has faced & will face with legal issues. NGI will dramatically increase the bandwidth, taking over phone services as well as reducing the cost of the circuit.
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