Internet History Japan Aug. 24, 2003



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Internet History - Japan

  • Aug. 24, 2003

  • Kazunori Konishi


Objectives

  • (1) Recording of the Pioneers’ efforts

  • (2) Study on technical trend for investing the resources.

  • (3) Lessons Learned from the History for the new problems; human nature will not change, though political or technical environments might face the big changes. =>> “Grass roots activities” should be based on human nature; ex. AP* activities.



Big Picture in Japan



Number of RFCs by Japanese



Over Provisioning of the bandwidth



  • Following pages are extracted from my presentation at IWS2001.

  • http://www.jp.apan.net/meetings/IWS2001





Contents

  • History

  • Issues

  • Future





ALOHAnet(1980)

  • Lead by Professor Norman Abramson

  • @ U-Hawaii : origin of Ethernet

  • Coordinated at Pacific Telecom-

  • munications Council(PTC)

  • Professor Oizumi @ Tohoku-U joined the network.

  • NASA(KDD) donated the satellite circuit, recommended by MPT

  • KDD was rich, with the monopoly & high cost of the services.



UUCPnet/Usenet(1985)

  • Operated by KDD Labs. on a volunteer basis.

  • PSTN & PSDN were used.

  • The partners became commercialized later on: UUnet, Eunet.

  • “Membership” allowed the operation over the public networks, without any license.

  • Limited resources were allocated, because OSI was promising in those days.



BITNET(1985)

  • IBM donated the circuit & equipments, promoting SNA.

  • Science University of Tokyo(SUT) organized private universities.

  • The US power enabled to use the leased circuit without any license.



WIDE(1989)

  • Jun Murai organized the large number

  • of engineers at commercial companies

  • & universities. (Murai had organized

  • UUCP domestic network “JUNET”)

  • U-Hawaii’s PACCOM project organized AP regional networks.

  • Governments were still persistent in OSI, though they knew OSI was being defeated. (US Gov. also declared the adoption of OSI products)

  • Industries & Universities required the “illegal?” activities of WIDE.



SINET(1992)

  • Government was forced to adopt TCP/IP in addition to OSI.

  • OSI was the primary protocol for a while.

  • The big budget enabled the large membership.

  • A Ministry can use the leased circuit without any license; not hierarchy among governments.

  • Government is not so flexible.



APAN(1998)

  • NSF required the transit services

  • over TransPAC link.

  • The owners of point-to-point links started the collaborated operations.

  • AP Regional networks were developed with a hub in Tokyo.

  • The institutions with advanced research projects are allowed to use TransPAC link.



Issues

  • NGI vs. Commercial Networks

  • Cost Sharing of International links

    • Dispute between USA vs. “Europe & Asia”
  • IT Strategy Headquarters vs. Governments

    • Do the Japanese adopt/like a hierarchical government system?
  • Telephone services will be taken over by the Internet.



NGI vs. Commercial Networks

  • NGI

    • Testbed networks for high speed applications
    • Premature technologies should be experimented.
    • Should lead the deployment of the advanced technologies.
  • Commercial Networks

    • Reliable operation is critical.
    • Business oriented.


Cost Sharing between USA and the other regions.

  • “Fair cost sharing” were widely discussed in ITU as well as in Inter-government projects; it was requested that US should pay more for the international links.

  • Globalization of ISP businesses seems to solve the problem.

  • NSF’s HPIIS seems to lessen the problem for the time being.



Economy in AP region is quite diverse.

  • Economy in AP region is quite diverse.

  • AP countries are less organized than Europe.

  • Cost sharing is very difficult. Possible solutions are

    • One country pays for the whole link.
    • Each country pays for the half link.
  • Transit service is now available; thanks for NSF’s HPIIS.



IT Strategy Headquarters vs. Governments

  • Can IT Strategy Headquarters be independent from the other government agencies?

  • Can IT Strategy Headquarters organize the network engineers such as JET in USA?

  • Do the government agencies accept the administration by IT Strategy Headquarters?



Telephone over the Internet(1)

  • International circuits(estimation)

    • Bandwidth: telephone vs. Internet = 1 : 10
    • Budget: telephone vs. Internet = 10 : 1
    • Telephone is the value-added service: 100 times than the Internet. Cost per International bandwidth
    • Cable capacity will increase more than twice per year.
    • Cost per bandwidth might decrease 30%~ per year.
    • Cost depends on the redundant capacity.


Telephone has been replaced and will be replaced by the Internet.

  • Telephone has been replaced and will be replaced by the Internet.

    • Fax over PSTN has been replaced by the Internet.
    • Phone over PSTN will be gradually replaced by the Internet.
  • The bandwidth of the Internet can be dramatically increased by saving “Phone service”.



Future

  • Higher speed applications will be deployed.

  • Higher speed in both subscriber & backbone links will be required. PSTN will be a backup network of the Internet for the phone services in the near future.

  • Joint operation of NGI networks is critical in the current society in JP; each government agency will expand/keep the budget for NGI activities.

  • The bandwidth of the Internet will be dramatically increased, taking over expensive Phone services.



Summary

  • NGI in Japan will be jointly operated by multiple government agencies: APAN2?

  • Cost sharing between USA and AP/EU should be discussed again for the post-HPIIS project; global ISPs will not exist in NGI. We also should show US citizens are getting the benefits from HPIIS project.

  • The Internet has faced & will face with legal issues.

  • NGI will dramatically increase the bandwidth, taking over phone services as well as reducing the cost of the circuit.



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