Handbook of Food Science and Technology 3



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Handbook of food science and technology 3 Food biochemistry and technology ( PDFDrive ) (1)

1.1.3.
 Proteins
Cow’s milk contains 3.2 – 3.5% (w/w) protein, which can be divided into 
two separate fractions: 
– caseins that precipitate at pH 4.6, representing 80% of total protein
whey proteins, soluble at pH 4.6, representing 20% of total protein.
Differential protein precipitation is used industrially in the preparation of 
acid casein. Casein exists as micelles comprising colloidal minerals mostly in 
the form of calcium phosphate as described later.
1.1.3.1.
 Caseins 
Caseins (
α
S1

α
S2

β

κ
), present in cow’s milk in proportions of 37, 10, 35 
and 12%, respectively (w/w), are synthesized from four different genes. 
Protein diversity is increased by the presence of numerous variants resulting 
from genetic polymorphism and differences in post-translational modifications 
(phosphorylation, glycosylation).
Caseins are small proteins with a molecular weight of 19 – 25 kDa.
They have a high proportion of non-uniformly distributed charged amino
acids and non-polar amino acids (Table 1.3), giving them amphiphilic 
properties. 
Due to the presence of a large number of proline residues, caseins have a 
low level of secondary structure (
α
-helices or 
β
-sheets). Thus, caseins can 
withstand intense heat treatment but are very sensitive to enzymatic action, in 
particular digestive enzymes (pepsin and trypsin). 
β
-casein
is particularly 
sensitive to plasmin, an endogenous milk protease found on the surface
of casein micelles. The hydrolysis of 
β
-casein by plasmin generates 
hydrophilic peptides from the N-terminal fragments of β-casein and 
hydrophobic 
γ
-caseins, which precipitates at pH 4.6, similar to other caseins.
Caseins are rich in lysine, an essential amino acid that in the presence of a 
reducing sugar is heavily involved in non-enzymatic browning. However, the 
large number of acidic amino acids gives caseins an isoelectric point of close 
to 4.6 at the ionic strength of milk.


From Milk to Dairy Products 11 
Amino acid 
Caseins 
α
S1 
(B) 
α
S2
(A) 
β
(A) 
κ 
Asp 




Glu 
24 
25 
18 
13 
Asn 

14 


Gln 
15 
15 
21 
14 
Thr 

15 

14 
Ser 


11 
12 
SerP 

11 


Pro 
17 
10 
35 
20 
Gly 




Ala 



15 
Val 
11 
14 
19 
11 
Ile 
11 
11 
10 
13 
Leu 
17 
13 
22 

Phe 




Tyr 
10 
12 


Met 




Cys 



0 or 2 
Cystine/2 



2 or 0 
Lys 
14 
24 
11 

His 




Arg 




Trp 




Total 
199 
207 
209 
169 

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