Gnu free Documentation License Version 2, November 2002



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GNU Free Documentation License 



 

 

  Version 1.2, November 2002 



 

 

 Copyright (C) 2000,2001,2002  Free Software Foundation, Inc. 



     59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA  02111-1307  USA 

 Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies 

 of this license document, but changing it is not allowed. 

 

 



0. PREAMBLE 

 

The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other 



functional and useful document "free" in the sense of freedom: to 

assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, 

with or without modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially. 

Secondarily, this License preserves for the author and publisher a way 

to get credit for their work, while not being considered responsible 

for modifications made by others. 

 

This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative 



works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense.  It 

complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft 

license designed for free software. 

 

We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free 



software, because free software needs free documentation: a free 

program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the 

software does.  But this License is not limited to software manuals; 

it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or 

whether it is published as a printed book.  We recommend this License 

principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference. 

 

 

1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS 



 

This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium, that 

contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be 

distributed under the terms of this License.  Such a notice grants a 

world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration, to use that 

work under the conditions stated herein.  The "Document", below, 

refers to any such manual or work.  Any member of the public is a 

licensee, and is addressed as "you".  You accept the license if you 

copy, modify or distribute the work in a way requiring permission 

under copyright law. 

 

A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work containing the 



Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with 

modifications and/or translated into another language. 

 

A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front-matter section of  



the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the 

publishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall subject 

(or to related matters) and contains nothing that could fall directly 

within that overall subject.  (Thus, if the Document is in part a 

textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain any 

mathematics.)  The relationship could be a matter of historical 

connection with the subject or with related matters, or of legal, 

commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position regarding 

them. 

 

The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections whose titles 



are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice 

that says that the Document is released under this License.  If a 

section does not fit the above definition of Secondary then it is not 



allowed to be designated as Invariant.  The Document may contain zero 

Invariant Sections.  If the Document does not identify any Invariant 

Sections then there are none. 

 

The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that are listed, 



as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that  

the Document is released under this License.  A Front-Cover Text may 

be at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may be at most 25 words. 

 

A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy,  



represented in a format whose specification is available to the 

general public, that is suitable for revising the document 

straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed of 

pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely available 

drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text formatters or 

for automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable for input 

to text formatters.  A copy made in an otherwise Transparent file 

format whose markup, or absence of markup, has been arranged to thwart 

or discourage subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent. 

An image format is not Transparent if used for any substantial amount 

of text.  A copy that is not "Transparent" is called "Opaque". 

 

Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain 



ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format, SGML 

or XML using a publicly available DTD, and standard-conforming simple 

HTML, PostScript or PDF designed for human modification.  Examples of 

transparent image formats include PNG, XCF and JPG.  Opaque formats 

include proprietary formats that can be read and edited only by 

proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which the DTD and/or 

processing tools are not generally available, and the 

machine-generated HTML, PostScript or PDF produced by some word 

processors for output purposes only. 

 

The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title page itself, 



plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material 

this License requires to appear in the title page.  For works in 

formats which do not have any title page as such, "Title Page" means 

the text near the most prominent appearance of the work's title, 

preceding the beginning of the body of the text. 

 

A section "Entitled XYZ" means a named subunit of the Document whose 



title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses following 

text that translates XYZ in another language.  (Here XYZ stands for a 

specific section name mentioned below, such as "Acknowledgements", 

"Dedications", "Endorsements", or "History".)  To "Preserve the Title" 

of such a section when you modify the Document means that it remains a 

section "Entitled XYZ" according to this definition. 

 

The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice which 



states that this License applies to the Document.  These Warranty 

Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in this 

License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other 

implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and has 

no effect on the meaning of this License. 

 

 



2. VERBATIM COPYING 

 

You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either 



commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the 

copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies 

to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no other 

conditions whatsoever to those of this License.  You may not use 

technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further 

copying of the copies you make or distribute.  However, you may accept 




compensation in exchange for copies.  If you distribute a large enough 

number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3. 

 

You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and 



you may publicly display copies. 

 

 



3. COPYING IN QUANTITY 

 

If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly have 



printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and the 

Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose the 

copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover 

Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on 

the back cover.  Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify 

you as the publisher of these copies.  The front cover must present 

the full title with all words of the title equally prominent and 

visible.  You may add other material on the covers in addition. 

Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve 

the title of the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated 

as verbatim copying in other respects. 

 

If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit 



legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit 

reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent 

pages. 

 

If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering 



more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent 

copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy 

a computer-network location from which the general network -using  

public has access to download using public-standard network protocols 

a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material. 

If you use the latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps, 

when you begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure 

that this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated 

location until at least one year after the last time you distribute an 

Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that 

edition to the public. 

 

It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the 



Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to give 

them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the Document. 

 

 

4. MODIFICATIONS 



 

You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under 

the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release 

the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified 

Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution 

and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy 

of it.  In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version: 

 

A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct 



   from that of the Document, and from those of previous versions 

   (which should, if there were any, be listed in the History section 

   of the Document).  You may use the same title as a previous version 

   if the original publisher of that version gives permission. 

B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities 

   responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified 

   Version, together with at least five of the principal authors of the 

   Document (all of its principal authors, if it has fewer than five), 

   unless they release you from this requirement. 

C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the 




   Modified Version, as the publisher. 

D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document. 

E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications 

   adjacent to the other copyright notices. 

F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice 

   giving the public permission to use the Modified Version under the 

   terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below. 

G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections 

   and required Cover Texts given in the Document's license notice. 

H. Include an unaltered copy of this License. 

I. Preserve the section Entitled "History", Preserve its Title, and add 

   to it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and 

   publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page.  If 

   there is no section Entitled "History" in the Document, create one 

   stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as 

   given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified 

   Version as stated in the previous sentence. 

J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for 

   public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise 

   the network locations given in the Document for previous versions 

   it was based on.  These may be placed in the "History" section. 

   You may omit a network location for a work that was published at 

   least four years before the Document itself, or if the original 

   publisher of the version it refers to gives permission. 

K. For any section Entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications", 

   Preserve the Title of the section, and preserve in the section all 

   the substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements 

   and/or dedications given therein. 

L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document, 

   unaltered in their text and in their titles.  Section numbers 

   or the equivalent are not considered part of the section titles. 

M. Delete any section Entitled "Endorsements".  Such a section 

   may not be included in the Modified Version. 

N. Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled "Endorsements" 

   or to conflict in title with any Invariant Section. 

O. Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers. 

 

If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or 



appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material 

copied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all 

of these sections as invariant.  To do this, add their titles to the 

list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's license notice. 

These titles must be distinct from any other section titles. 

 

You may add a section Entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains 



nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various 

parties--for example, statements of peer review or that the text has 

been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a 

standard. 

 

You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a  



passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list 

of Cover Texts in the Modified Version.  Only one passage of 

Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or 

through arrangements made by) any one entity.  If the Document already 

includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or 

by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of, 

you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit 

permission from the previous publisher that added the old one. 

 

The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License 



give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or 

imply endorsement of any Modified Version. 

 

 



5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS 

 

You may combine the Document with other documents released under this 



License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified 

versions, provided that you include in the combination all of the 

Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, and 

list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its 

license notice, and that you preserve all their Warranty Disclaimers. 

 

The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and 



multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single 

copy.  If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but 

different contents, make the title of each such section unique by 

adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original 

author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number. 

Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of 

Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work. 

 

In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled "History" 



in the various original documents, forming one section Entitled 

"History"; likewise combine any sections Entitled "Acknowledgements", 

and any sections Entitled "Dedications".  You must delete all sections 

Entitled "Endorsements". 

 

 

6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS 



 

You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents 

released under this License, and replace the individual copies of this 

License in the various documents with a single copy that is included in 

the collection, provided that you follow the rules of this License for 

verbatim copying of each of the documents in all other respects. 

 

You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute 



it individually under this License, provided you insert a copy of this 

License into the extracted document, and follow this License in all 

other respects regarding verbatim copying of that document. 

 

 



7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS 

 

A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate 



and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or 

distribution medium, is called an "aggregate" if the copyright 

resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the legal rights 

of the compilation's users beyond what the individual works permit. 

When the Document is included in an aggregate, this License does not 

apply to the other works in the aggregate which are not themselves 

derivative works of the Document. 

 

If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these 



copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half of 

the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on 

covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the 

electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic form. 

Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket the whole 

aggregate. 

 

 

8. TRANSLATION 



 

Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may 

distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4. 

Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special 

permission from their copyright holders, but you may include 



translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the 

original versions of these Invariant Sections.  You may include a 

translation of this License, and all the license notices in the 

Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also include 

the original English version of this License and the original versions 

of those notices and disclaimers.  In case of a disagreement between 

the translation and the original version of this License or a notice 

or disclaimer, the original version will prevail. 

 

If a section in the Document is Entitled "Acknowledgements", 



"Dedications", or "History", the requirement (section 4) to Preserve 

its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the actual 

title. 

 

 



9. TERMINATION 

 

You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except 



as expressly provided for under this License.  Any other attempt to 

copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Document is void, and will 

automatically terminate your rights under this License.  However, 

parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under this 

License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such 

parties remain in full compliance. 

 

 

10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE 



 

The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions 

of the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time.  Such new 

versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may 

differ in detail to address new problems or concerns.  See 

http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/. 

 

Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number. 



If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this 

License "or any later version" applies to it, you have the option of 

following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or 

of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the 

Free Software Foundation.  If the Document does not specify a version 

number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not 

as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. 

 

 



ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents 

 

To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of 



the License in the document and put the following copyright and 

license notices just after the title page: 

 

    Copyright (c)  YEAR  YOUR NAME. 



    Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document 

    under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 

    or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; 

    with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. 

    A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU 

    Free Documentation License". 

 

If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back -Cover Texts, 



replace the "with...Texts." line with this: 

 

    with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with the 



    Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts being LIST. 

 

If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other 




combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the 

situation. 

 

If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we 



recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of 

free software license, such as the GNU General Public License, 



to permit their use in free software. 

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