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^a b Whitley 1994, p. 66.

^ Eiben, A. E. et al (1994). "Genetic algorithms with multi-parent recombination". PPSN III: Proceedings of the International Conference on Evolutionary Computation. The Third Conference on Parallel Problem Solving from Nature: 78–87. ISBN 3-540-58484-6.

^ Ting, Chuan-Kang (2005). "On the Mean Convergence Time of Multi-parent Genetic Algorithms Without Selection". Advances in Artificial Life: 403–412. ISBN 978-3-540-28848-0.

^ Deb, Kalyanmoy; Spears, William M. (1997). "C6.2: Speciation methods". Handbook of Evolutionary Computation. Institute of Physics Publishing. S2CID 3547258.

^ Shir, Ofer M. (2012). "Niching in Evolutionary Algorithms". In Rozenberg, Grzegorz; Bäck, Thomas; Kok, Joost N. (eds.). Handbook of Natural Computing. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 1035–1069. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-92910-9_32. ISBN 9783540929093.

^ Goldberg 1989, p. 41