Human Values Values are used by humans to make choices Making choices in congruence to one’s values provides meaning, comfort, and a sense of well being Making choices outside of one’s values results in feelings of guilt
Individual Values (after Maslow) Hierarchy that are related to:
Religious Values Designate meaning Provide morality Defines relative importance of relationships - God-human
- Human-human
- Human-environment
Provide social control and expectations
Provide for health and safety Protect freedoms Define responsibilities Allows for political involvement
Factors that Control Worldviews
Four Boxes 1- Hierarchists: value control, organizations, standardization, top-down 2- Egalitarians: value consensus, democracy, equality, community choice 3- Individualists: value individual freedom, personal choice 4- Fatalists: value freedom, strength to resist, individual power
Relation of Worldview to Environmental Impacts
Theory of Society Stages Four stages: - Survival
- Pre-modern
- Modern
- Post-modern
Survival Focus on: - hard work
- practical knowledge
- money
- possessions
- avoid mistakes
Pre-modern (hierarchical) Focus on: - work
- skills/ trades
- stability
- family values
- religious values
- national values
Modern Focus on: - Achievement
- Professional education
- Investments
- Political involvement
- Corporate or bureaucratic values
Post-modern (individual) Focus on: - Individual freedom
- Individual education
- Financial achievement
- Good health
- Travel
- Consumption
- Self-actualization
Post-modern (egalitarian) Focus on: - Community freedom
- Arts
- Human relationships
- Economic well being and health for all
- Equality
- Actualization of society
Developmental Progression
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