Ebbinghaus said this because psychology’s questions go back to the ancients

Introspections are always retrospections (based on memory not immediate experience, with distortions).

Introspections are remote from consciousness as it is subjectively experienced. Dull and irrelevant.

Because introspection itself is a conscious process it must interfere with the consciousness it aims to observe -- reflexivity concern is derived from Kant.

• Because introspection itself is a conscious process it must interfere with the consciousness it aims to observe -- reflexivity concern is derived from Kant.

• Dunlap published “The Case Against Introspection”in the 1912 Psychological Review.

• A demonstration of correct introspection at the 1913 Yale APA Conference was unconvincing to anyone.

• Eventually the technique of introspection became extinct.

Brash, autocratic, dogmatic.

• Brash, autocratic, dogmatic.

• He dismissed Behaviorism as a passing academic fad.
• Harsh and unyielding with former students but warm and supportive of those he considered loyal.
• Those students who resented his interference in their lives were excommunicated.

• Despite this, he was cultured, spoke several languages and could be warm and compassionate.

• He stuck by Watson during his crisis at Johns Hopkins.

Munsterberg studied with Wundt at Leipzig (1883).

• Munsterberg studied with Wundt at Leipzig (1883).

• Seaching for “will” in the contents of consciousness he could only identify muscle movements, so he developed a theory of behavior based on these.

• His view of emotion as conscious recognition of one’s bodily state is similar to William James.

• Structuralism was the dominant approach in the USA until replaced by newer approaches.

• He could never accept Functionalism and Behaviorism.

Taught at University of Freiburg.

• Taught at University of Freiburg.

• Restated his theory of will and was criticized by Titchener and Wundt in public, praised by Will. James.

• Established Germany’s second psychology lab.

• William James arranged for him to direct Harvard’s newly created psychology lab.

• Briefly returned to Germany but came back to the USA after encountering anti-semitism and in-fighting there.
• In 1900, wrote his first major book (Principles of Psychology), dedicated to William James

Munsterberg illustrates an ongoing conflict between popular writing and academic writing.

• Munsterberg illustrates an ongoing conflict between popular writing and academic writing.

• He wrote books that appealed to the general public, quickly, using dictation, usually in German (later translated to English).
• He published often in popular magazines.
• He repeated himself often, ignoring contributions of others and claiming too much credit for himself.
• He seldom published complete data or detailed analyses of his results.

He disliked Titchener’s narrow, restrictive approach.

• He disliked Titchener’s narrow, restrictive approach.

• He considered structuralism precise but not useful.

• He was a purpose-oriented functionalist psychologist who refused to give a definition of psychology.

• It is more natural to drink water than to analyze it into its chemical elements.

• His lifelong concern was application of psychology in the service of humanity (although he always considered himself an experimental psychologist).

Munsterberg studied clinical patients in his lab, seeing those of scientific interest without fee.

• Munsterberg studied clinical patients in his lab, seeing those of scientific interest without fee.

• He developed a “directive” approach that encouraged patients to expect to get better.
• Reciprocal antagonism (encouragement of an opposing tendency) was used to eliminate troublesome impulses.
• He used hypnosis, conservatively to relieve symptoms.

• His results were published in the book Psychotherapy (1909).

Freud was the dominant voice in psychiatry at the time.

• Freud was the dominant voice in psychiatry at the time.

• Munsterberg accepted Freud’s views on trauma and hysterical symptoms and sexual basis of neuroses.
• He rejected Freud’s view on unconscious determinants, saying “There is no subconscious.”

• He conducted a series of experiments aimed at inducing a second personality using hypnosis.

• Automatic writing experiments were used to demonstrate the second personality.

He wrote a bestselling book “On the Witness Stand” applying psychology to legal situations.

• He wrote a bestselling book “On the Witness Stand” applying psychology to legal situations.

• He outlined reasons for disagreement between eyewitness reports.
• He differentiated between subjective and objective truth – an oath to tell the truth does not guarantee objective truth.
• He staged a fight in class, then asked students to describe it, in a historic demo.
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