In 1884 he established an anthropometric laboratory to collect data on individual differences. - Psychometrics – measurement of mental powers.
- Visual & auditory reaction times, highest audible tone.
- He published a method for quantifying correlation later derived mathematically by Karl Pearson (r).
- He used questionnaires, associations & tests of imagery.
In “Hereditary Genius” he discussed the relative contributions of environment & genetics to ability. In “Hereditary Genius” he discussed the relative contributions of environment & genetics to ability.- “I propose to show in this book that a man’s natural abilities are derived by inheritance under exactly the same limitations as are the form and physical features of the whole organic world.”
- He proposed that abilities were on the same continuum as other physical traits – Quetelet’s law of deviation from the average (like the normal curve).
Quetelet & Galton established the “normal man”.
Galton developed the following terms: Galton developed the following terms:- Median, bell-shaped curve, correlation, dispersion, interquartile range, regression, percentile.
Galton’s student Pearson introduced:- Histogram, kurtosis, random sampling, random walk, skewness, standard deviation, variance.
- Formula for the correlation coefficient, Pearson’s r.
The concept of dealing with individual differences in a probabilistic way – the characteristics of a population are regular, even if people are not.
Galton argued that because talent seemed to concentrate in eminent families (Hereditary Genius), individuals must be inheriting such abilities. Galton argued that because talent seemed to concentrate in eminent families (Hereditary Genius), individuals must be inheriting such abilities.- He introduced the terms nature vs nurture into the debate and the idea of twin studies, see pg 322.
Candolle criticized this idea, cataloging the favorable circumstances in eminent families.In response, Galton wrote:- “English Men of Science: Their Nature and Nurture.”
Galton was fascinated by the idea of human improvement via genetic control, which he called Eugenics. Galton was fascinated by the idea of human improvement via genetic control, which he called Eugenics. - He proposed voluntary means of improvement.
Eugenics societies and idea were widespread after WWI – G.B. Shaw & Isadora Duncan (his brain…).- Abuses were justified in the name of eugenics, including forced sterilization and restrictive immigration in the US.
- With the rise of the Nazis, these were implemented as Hitler’s “final solution to the Jewish question.”
In 1872, Galton published “Statistical Inquiries into the Efficacy of Prayer.” In 1872, Galton published “Statistical Inquiries into the Efficacy of Prayer.”- He advocated for the use of control groups in statistical comparisons.
- Are prayers beneficial? Royalty have shorter lifespans.
- There is no evidence that missionary voyages are safer.
In his “Inquiry into Human Faculties and Development,” the chapters on prayer were omitted from future editions due to controversy.
Cattell was one of the first students to get a Ph.D. with Wundt, then he was appointed to Cambridge. Cattell was one of the first students to get a Ph.D. with Wundt, then he was appointed to Cambridge.He was strongly influenced by Galton, and like Galton measured everything he could about himself.In 1888, Cattell founded a lab at the University of Pennsylvania using Galtonian measures with students but moved to Columbia College in 1891.He discussed 10 mental tests in “Mental Tests and Measurements,” published in Mind – The Freshman Test.
The 10 tests included: The 10 tests included:- Dynamometer pressure, Rate of Movement, Sensation-Areas, Pressure causing Pain, Least Noticeable Difference in Weight, Reaction-Time for Sound, Time for Naming Colours, Bi-Section of a 50-cm. Line, Judgment of 10 Seconds Time, Number of Letters Remembered on One hearing.
- Wissler found no correlation between the tests.
These tests were abandoned in favor of better mental measurements (see Chapter 11).
Experimental research on judgments of relative rank, such as shades of gray rank ordered on brightness. Experimental research on judgments of relative rank, such as shades of gray rank ordered on brightness.- Leading psychologists ranked those in their profession.
Backgrounds of famous scientists – a person had the best chance if their father were clergy or professor.His famous students were: Thorndike, Woodworth, Strong (vocational test).Published Science (AAAS). Founding member of APA. His company developed WAIS, WISC, TAT.
In early 20th century, America’s foremost psychologist. First on everyone’s list (Cattell). In early 20th century, America’s foremost psychologist. First on everyone’s list (Cattell).
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