|
Centuries after Hammurabi’s reign, Babylonian empire fell to Nomadic Warriors
|
tarix | 06.10.2018 | ölçüsü | 4,46 Mb. | | #72950 |
|
2 Centuries after Hammurabi’s reign, Babylonian empire fell to Nomadic Warriors 2 Centuries after Hammurabi’s reign, Babylonian empire fell to Nomadic Warriors Fertile Crescent broke into small kingdoms New people moved into the regions
Present day Lebanon Present day Lebanon Popular cities:
Narrow coastal planes Narrow coastal planes Beeka Valley separates Borders Israel & Syria
Mediterranean Mediterranean - Mild to cool
- Wet winters
- Dry, hot summers
Mountains heavy rain & snow
Snails - most valuable dye Snails - most valuable dye Cedar trees- hard, usable wood
Cedar is other valuable resource Cedar is other valuable resource Relied on Trade Traded goods from other lands Competed with other city-states Interacted through trade
Desired trade Desired trade Narrow, single sailed vessels with longs oars
1100-700 BCE, founded trading colonies 1100-700 BCE, founded trading colonies 300 cities in Africa’s Med. Coast
Only 22 symbols Only 22 symbols First appeared around 900 BCE Passed on to other cities Many common people could master Literacy became widespread
Shared & collected ideas Shared & collected ideas Purple dye for royalty Based on trade & ships Alphabet
Boats: single-sailed vessels with long oars Boats: single-sailed vessels with long oars Alphabet: started with the Phoenicians Weapons, cloth, wine, slaves, glass, and ivory
Peaceful society Peaceful society Focused on trade
Hierarchy Status Hierarchy Status “Kings and Priests still had much more power of the trades.” Alphabet & Laws
King + Priests King + Priests Wealthy Commoners Free Commoners Slaves Typical Social Status
Most powerful traders in Mesopotamia area Invented alphabet Started the importance of sailing Created the royal purple color
Purple dye- made from the squeezing of 60,000 smelly snail glands Purple dye- made from the squeezing of 60,000 smelly snail glands Traded- anything and everything believed valuable “Later, Carthage rivaled Rome in power.”
Phoenicia was centered in the north of ancient Canaan Phoenicia was centered in the north of ancient Canaan It was a coastal area along the Mediterranean Sea Modern Day Lebanon, Syria, Palestinian Territories and Israel
Arvad Arvad Byblos Berytus Sidon Tyre Caesarea
Individual city-states Individual city-states Each city-state had an independent government The king, the temple priests, and the council of wealthy merchants were the main sources of power
They worshipped gods and goddesses sacred to specific city-states Each god and goddess represented a different aspect of life
They had a trade-based economy They had a trade-based economy Their main good was a purple dye derived from snails found on the Tyre island Due to the dye’s scarcity and the time in which it took to make, it became very expensive
They established trading colonies along the Mediterranean coast They established trading colonies along the Mediterranean coast They also traded: - Wine
- Glass
- Timber
- Olive oil
- Precious metals
Spoke a Semitic language Spoke a Semitic language A seagoing culture where trade was the center of civilization Were skilled architects Wealthy trading towns whose centers were the temples
Urban, small trading towns along the Mediterranean coast Urban, small trading towns along the Mediterranean coast Temple was the center of the city Built buildings up to 6 stories high
Laws protected slaves from mistreatment Slaves could earn their own money, purchase property, and own their own freedom A freed slave could reach high office in the community
No evidence of polygamy No evidence of polygamy In the case of divorce, the woman was given her possessions Had fundamental rights Women could press charges, make trading contracts, invest in trading, and adopt heirs
The Phoenician Empire had many advancements in: The Phoenician Empire had many advancements in: - shipbuilding
- pottery
- iron-working
- literature
- alphabet
First appeared around 900 B.C. First appeared around 900 B.C. Made an alphabet with 22 symbols The Greeks adopted the alphabet and added 4 symbols
Phoenicia’s location on the coast of the Mediterranean Sea enabled trade with other coastal regions Phoenicia’s location on the coast of the Mediterranean Sea enabled trade with other coastal regions Also, Phoenicia’s lack of natural resources encouraged its people to trade goods for necessary items
The Phoenicians initial trading partners were the Greeks The Phoenicians initial trading partners were the Greeks They chose peace over war but were defensive
The Persians then conquered the Phoenicians because of the loss of trade power The Persians then conquered the Phoenicians because of the loss of trade power Phoenicians retreated to Carthage There they prospered until the were destroyed by Romans in the Punic Wars
The Phoenician empire fell when Alexander the Great defeated Persia. The Phoenician empire fell when Alexander the Great defeated Persia. Over time all of the city states were conquered Phoenicia and its culture disappeared It later became Syria
They failed to use all of their elements of national power They failed to use all of their elements of national power They succeeded economically, but did not use their wealth to protect their own borders They made contributions which were fundamental in future civilizations
First used Cuneiform First used Cuneiform Began using alphabet around 1050 BCE Quicker to learn and easier to use for trading
Ships important to Phoenician society Ships important to Phoenician society 1st appeared in 8th century BCE
Egyptians first to use glass beads, produced naturally Egyptians first to use glass beads, produced naturally Phoenicians developed techniques make it artifically Developed even better technique, glass-blowing, under Roman rule
Most of trade conducted across Mediterranean Sea at ports Most of trade conducted across Mediterranean Sea at ports Many colonies became trade centers, such as Carthage
Phoenicians controlled trade around Mediterranean between 1200-800 BCE Phoenicians controlled trade around Mediterranean between 1200-800 BCE Many city-states continued to be predominant powers long after this
Main Export: Tyrian Purple powder Main Export: Tyrian Purple powder - Manufactured in Sarepta and Mogador from the Murex snail shells
Trading Partners with Greece
The Phoenicians were particularly good when it came to the sea The Phoenicians were particularly good when it came to the sea Because of this they became a strong naval and trading power of the region
The Phoenicians became famous and wealthy for their dyes, specifically for: The Phoenicians became famous and wealthy for their dyes, specifically for: - Reds- from kermes, tiny bugs that live in oak trees
- Blues- African indigos
- Royal Purple- most famous and important, came from the Murex sea-snail's shells
Many kings stood out in the Phoenician empire Many kings stood out in the Phoenician empire Hiram I – developed the city Tyre into one of the most important cities of the Phoenician empire Ithobal I – expanded much of the Phoenician empire and established colonies overseas
Elulaios – Assyria captured Tyre under his riegn but he headed many revolts against the Assyrians Elulaios – Assyria captured Tyre under his riegn but he headed many revolts against the Assyrians Baal-Eser II – was ruler when Phoenicia was at its height of influence and exceeded any other empire Pygmalion – built the colonies Kition, Cyprus, and Carthage also shifted Phoenicia’s trade from the middle east to the Mediterranean
The Phoenicians were polytheists and they built many temples to worship their gods They were also great administrators, accountants, and engineers. They built the first temple in Jerusalem in the mid-900’s
The Phoenicians had three different power bases to maintain control: The Phoenicians had three different power bases to maintain control: First came the kings Followed by the temple and the priests And finally the councils of elders
Phoenicia was split into many city-states, which fought for control of the seas and trade Phoenicia was split into many city-states, which fought for control of the seas and trade In 675 and 640 BCE, the Assyrians invaded and defeated the city-states Tyre and Sidon on the Eastern Mediterranean The Babylonians attacked Tyre in 585 BCE ,13 years of fighting, ended with compromise in 572 BCE
The Eastern Phoenicians allied with Greeks against Persia and Egypt The Eastern Phoenicians allied with Greeks against Persia and Egypt Persia and Egypt won the fighting in 539 BCE The Eastern city-states thus went under control of Cyrus the Great, emperor of Persia
The Punic Wars were a series of three wars fought between Rome and Carthage between 264 and 146 BCE The Punic Wars were a series of three wars fought between Rome and Carthage between 264 and 146 BCE In 813 BCE, the Phoenicians founded Carthage, a colony in North Africa which became a predominant city-state Carthage and Rome were powerful cities in the 200s and 100s which led to their conflicts in the Punic Wars
The First Punic War was a conflict over the control of Sicily between 264 and 241 BCE The First Punic War was a conflict over the control of Sicily between 264 and 241 BCE The Second Punic War was a series of campaigns led by Hannibal, leader of Carthage, against Roman Italy from 218 to 201 BCE The Third Punic War was the Siege of Carthage by the Romans from 149 to 146 BCE
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenicia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenicia http://phoenicia.org/trade.html http://phoenicia.org/cities.html http://www.geocities.com/soho/lofts/2938/histcult.html http://www.democracyinlebanon.org/Documents/CDL-Documentaries/Phoenicians(NatGeo).htm http://store.fantazpets.com/images/puzzles/boats/phoenician.jpg http://www.oldandsold.com/a1photos/grecian_urns_articles15_pottery_rs.jpg http://www.unrv.com/provinces/syria.php http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0860355.html Saggs, H.W.F. The Babylonians Heath, D.C. World History
Gore, Rick, and Robert Clark. "Who were the Phoenicians?" National Geographic. National Geographic. 11 Nov. 2008 . Gore, Rick, and Robert Clark. "Who were the Phoenicians?" National Geographic. National Geographic. 11 Nov. 2008 . "Lebenon." The World Factbook. 6 Nov. 2008. Central Intelligence Agency. 11 Nov. 2008 . “Phoenician.” Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Encyclopedia. Steven, Mark A. ed. 1 vol. Massachusetts: Springfield 2000. Khalaf, Salim G. "A Bequest Unearthed, Phoenicia,." Phoenician Encyclopedia. Sept. 1996. Encyclopedia Phoeniciana. 11 Nov. 2008 .
Dostları ilə paylaş: |
|
|