After 20 years of separation from her husband, Isabel Godin Odonais traveled 3,000 miles largely on foot to meet her husband in the town of Oyapock in this region. A portuguese attack on the capital of this region was aided by the hms



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FREgeau’s Non-Conformist History (FRENCH) Open

Written by Alex Fregeau

Packet 9
1. After 20 years of separation from her husband, Isabel Godin Odonais traveled 3,000 miles largely on foot to meet her husband in the town of Oyapock in this region. A Portuguese attack on the capital of this region was aided by the HMS Confiance and ousted governor Victor Hugues. Attempts to settle this region included transporting relégués, prisoners who were released after six months, but most died quickly after receiving their freedom. Most of this region was administered as the territory of Inini from 1930-1946. Henri Charrière, author of the memoir Papillon, escaped from a (*) prison in this region by using coconut filled sacks as flotation devices. Alfred Dreyfus was held in the prison on Devil’s Island in this region. For 10 points, identify this region bordering Suriname and Brazil with capital of Cayenne.

ANSWER: French Guiana or Guyane française


2. This man’s hometown of Saint-Léger-de-Foucheret incorporated this man’s name into its own 160 years after this man’s death. One of this man’s projects was used to flood part of the suburb of Neudorf during a Prussian siege and is now used as an architecture museum. This man was the first European to adopt the Turkish method of having artillery fire at low angles at low power to bypass walls, a technique called ricochet firing. This man believed that the (*) defenses he built at Landau were the culmination of his "third system" of fortification and he remains an authority on the subject to this day. For 10 points, name this 17th century French military engineer and master of both making and breaking fortifications.

ANSWER: Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban


3. Descriptive answer acceptable

In one account, a group of these people are scared away by a woman shouting a battle-cry while smacking her exposed breast with a sword. These people were given a name suggesting that they were identified with the Pygmies who supposedly lived at the edges of the world. The first of these people belonged to the Dorset Culture. Helluland was populated by these people who traded in furs and ivory, as was (*) Markland. Bjarni Herjolfsson was likely the first European to see these people after being blown off course from Greenland. For 10 points, who were these people most famously encountered in Vinland by Leif Ericsson?

ANSWER: Skrælings (accept answers that suggest that these are people the Norse encountered in N. America/Greenland [the term was applied to both])


4. The addition of defensive towers to the main gate of this place was compared to the veiling of a beautiful woman by a former resident of this place. The first of the INA trials occurred in this place to make them open to the public. The drum house at this place is believed to be the place of where two consecutive emperors were assassinated on the orders of the Sayyid brothers. The silver adorning the ceiling of the Diwan-i-Khas at this place was melted down to fund the defense against a Durrani invasion. (*) Lord Curzon ordered the partial restoration of this place after the British took most of its valuables and Nader Shah’s invasion of India resulted in the removal of the Peacock Throne from this place. For 10 points, identify this defensive building in Delhi and primary residence of the Mughal emperors from Shah Jahan on.

ANSWER: Red Fort (prompt on Delhi)


5. Despite being in a weaker bargaining position, this man was once promised Pisa, Livorno, and 200,000 ducats to spare Florence due to the inept bargaining of the Florentine delegation. During his minority, the Treaty of Sablé was signed by this man’s regent and the father of his future wife. This king died soon after striking his head on the lintel of a doorway. One of the strongest proponents of this man’s most famous action was Étienne de Vesc. This king kept (*) Margaret of Austria in his court for two years after reneging on his engagement to her so that he could marry Anne of Brittany. Called a “new Cyrus” by Savonarola, this was, for 10 points, what king of France who invaded Italy in 1494 to pursue a distant claim to the throne of Naples?

ANSWER: Charles VIII or Charles the Affable


6. Arthur Posnansky, a famous archaeologist of this city, estimated it to be 17,000 years old and defended it with a gun tower to keep locals away. This city developed the suka qullu farming technique in which fields are raised above canals, keeping the crops insulated from freezing temperatures and increasing yields up to 50% over modern methods. A religious complex in this city is used for the modern day celebration of the winter solstice holiday Willkakuti despite it no longer being aligned to the solstice. The Akapana is a mud brick pyramid in this city that acted as an artificial mountain and home to the ancestors. This city contains the (*) Kalasasaya temple, which includes the Gates of the Sun and Moon, and remains an important religious center for the Aymara people. For 10 points, name this pre-Inca city near Lake Titicaca.

ANSWER: Tiwanaku


7. One of the ways in which these people displayed their “Sarmatism” was by wearing a coat called a delia. Various theories for the origin of these people include the Sarmatians, Julius Caesar, Alexander the Great, and Japheth. These people led the Executionist Movements to limit royal power and more strictly enforce existing laws. These people justified their position by their participation in the pospolite ruszenie. Most of these people possessed (*) estates called folwarks (“fawl-varks”), though all of these people had the same status regardless of wealth, called the “Golden Liberty”. The Union of Horodło raised the Lithuanian bajorai to equal status with these people. For 10 points, identify this social class that had the power of liberum veto as members of the Sejm.

ANSWER: szlachta (“shlahkh-tah”) (accept Polish nobles/equivalents)


8. This man solved the problem of supplying an army crossing a desert with water by having his men drink water stored in their camels’ stomachs. Before one battle, this general tricked an enemy army into exhausting itself by making it hurriedly march the 50 miles between Kazima and Hufeir twice. This man was officially dismissed from his command for bestowing a large sum of money on the poet Ash’as for a poem praising his deeds. While passing through the Cilician Gates, Emperor (*) Heraclius is reported to have lamented the loss of Syria, due largely to the leadership of this general, who had defeated his forces at the battles of Ajnadyn and Yarmouk. For 10 points, identify this Arabian general responsible for the Muslim conquest of Arabia and beginning the conquest of Persia and Syria.

ANSWER: Khālid ibn al-Walīd (accept Drawn Sword of God or Sayf Allāh al-Maslūl)


9. This man claimed that after personally interceding with God, reading a book of his three times would guarantee entrance into heaven. This leader banned gold teeth in his country, claiming that people should chew on bones to harden their teeth. Holidays begun by this leader include Melon Day and the Day of Neutrality, which celebrates the declaration of his country’s permanent neutrality in foreign affairs. This man replaced the Hippocratic Oath with a loyalty oath to himself and was also the author of the (*) Ruhnama. As well as renaming, among other things, a meteorite and a brand of vodka after himself, this man planned to build an “Ice Palace” outside Ashgabat so that people in the Karakum Desert could learn to ice skate. For 10 points, name this first post-Soviet president of Turkmenistan.

ANSWER: Saparmurat Atayevich Niyazov Türkmenbaşy (accept either underlined part)


10. The exemption of wine from this region from the Grande Coutume tariff greatly increased its sales and reputation at the expense of wine grown further south. 75% of the Malbec vines in this region were lost due to the severe frost of 1956, leading to its replacement as the dominant grape. This region is, and has historically been, the largest proponent of the en primeur futures system. Red wines from this region lost the (*) 1976 Judgment of Paris to similar wines from California, establishing California as a producer of high-quality wine. Claret is the English name for the primarily Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot blends produced in this region. For 10 points, what is this wine-growing region of southwest France centered on the capital of Nouvelle-Aquitaine?

ANSWER: Bordeaux wine region


11. Descriptive answer acceptable

In 2008, Mark Roberts’ attempt to establish a lordship around Trellech in this region was denied by the courts. Lords in this region had the unique right to construct castles; unsurprisingly, this region contains the densest concentration of motte and bailey castles in its country. King Athelstan established the River Wye as a boundary in this region. William I gave the earldoms of Hereford, Shrewsbury, and (*) Chester to some of his most reliable men because of the defensive importance of this region. The western border of Mercia set the location of this region for the next several hundred years, perhaps most visibly at Offa’s Dike. For 10 points, name this ill-defined region on the border of England and a Celtic region to the west.

ANSWER: Welsh Marches (accept descriptive answers before last sentence; prompt on England or Wales)


12. Descriptive answer acceptable

This process led to the period of Akhbarism’s greatest popularity, prompted by the writings of Muhammad Amin al-Astarabadi. While in Mecca on the hajj, Mirwais Hotak obtained a fatwa decrying this process and founded the Hotak Dynasty in Kandahar to escape it. The tombs of Abū Ḥanīfa and Abdul-Qadir Gilani were destroyed as part of this process. A failed attempt to curb an extreme portion of this process was a never enacted term in the Treaty of Amasya requiring the cessation of the cursing of the (*) sahaba. This process was begun largely to create a sense of identity for Isma’il I’s empire in contrast to the Sunni Ottomans. For 10 points, what was this process initiated by the Safavids that created the world’s largest community of Twelvers?

ANSWER: Safavid forced conversion of Iran to Twelver Shi’ism (accept any answer that conveys that this is the process that made Iran predominantly Shi’a; accept Twelver/related forms in place of Shi’ism before the end; prompt on partial answer)


13. The Sutro Tunnel was built to prevent this location from flooding. The V&T railroad was built to service this place and is now a heritage railway. Hermann Schussler created the water system needed to keep up with the rapid population growth around this place. The discovery of this location led to the development of square set timbering and the (*) Washoe process. John William Mackay was able to break the transatlantic cable monopoly held by Jay Gould with the fortune he made at this location. The namesake of this place acquired it after the death of the Grosh Brothers. This place led to a nearly fourfold increase in population between 1862 and 1863 for Virginia City. Discovered in 1859, for 10 points, name this large silver mine in Nevada.

ANSWER: Comstock Lode


14. The tombs of the leaders of this organization, such as Tulak Hord, were guarded by tuk’ata.

This organization carried out Operation Shadow Hand from Byss and A’Sharad Hett revived this organization after learning under XoXaan. This organization formed the Inquisitorius during its last period of power to hunt down potential enemies. This organization was officially founded on (*) Korriban after the Hundred Year’s Darkness. The most famous government created by this organization employed Grand Moff Wilhuff Tarkin and its Rule of Two led to the death of Plagueis the Wise at the hands of his student who later issued Order 66 and is known for using “Force lightning”. For 10 points, name this organization, the primary antagonist of the Star Wars universe.

ANSWER: Sith Order (prompt on Galactic Empire)


15. This kingdom frequently fought with the cities of the Sao culture, which was supposedly toppled by “Yemenites”. King Hummay brought Islam to this kingdom and founded its longest reigning dynasty. The fall of the Sefuwa Dynasty of this kingdom nearly led to the destruction of all copies of this kingdom’s most important historical work, the Girgam, but Heinrich Barth’s possession of two copies preserved it for posterity. This kingdom’s 14th century conflict with the Bulala people prompted it to move its capital from Njimi to Ngazargamu and change its name. This kingdom’s wealth was largely based on its position on the trade routes to the Fezzan from (*) Lake Chad. For 10 points, identify this Central African kingdom most famously ruled by Idris Alooma.

ANSWER: Kanem-Bornu Empire (accept Kanem, Bornu, or both as the names essentially refer to different periods/geographical locations of the same kingdom)


16. According to an account by Heinrich von Staden, members of this institution hung Prince Andrei Ovtsyn with a sheep to make a pun on his last name. The creation of this institution was spurred by the issuance of two letters from Alexandrova Sloboda. Philip Kolychev was murdered for his public denunciation of this institution. One of this institution’s most infamous acts was partially caused by the turncoat Teterin surrendering the city of Izborsk to (*) Lithuania. Agents of this institution carried brooms and dog’s heads to represent their sweeping away and sniffing out of their leader’s enemies, most famously displayed in the 1570 sack of Novgorod. For 10 points, name this institution created by Ivan IV designed to consolidate his power and terrorize the Russian populace.

ANSWER: Oprichnina (accept oprichniki)


17. A response to this event was partially prompted by a false alarm by the Oko system. This operation was preceded by a massive intelligence endeavor called Operation RYaN as well as naval maneuvers in the GIUK gap. Realizing the potentially dire consequences of his participation in this event, National Security Advisor Robert McFarlane refused to be involved. (*) Oleg Gordievsky provided important insight on how this event would be interpreted. Communication over the US invasion of Grenada led the USSR to believe that this event was a cover for the launch of nuclear missiles, and this event simulated attack by “Orange” forces. For 10 points, name this iteration of a yearly NATO exercise that nearly led the Soviet Union to “preemptive” nuclear war.

ANSWER: Operation Able Archer 83 (accept war scare in 1983 or answers that suggest that it was the Able Archer that nearly caused nuclear war; prompt on partial answers)

18. One of these institutions produced “Golden Bat” cigarettes laced with opioids to increase its customers’ addiction. Along with a number of politicians, several leaders of these institutions were targeted in the League of Blood Incident. The successors to these institutions follow the “One-Set Policy” and many are partially financed by sogo shosha. Another of these institutions employed former Sopwith engineers to expand into (*) aircraft manufacturing and has a name meaning “water chestnut”. These vertically-integrated institutions were forced to make way for horizontally integrated keiretsu in the ‘40’s. For 10 points, identify these monopolistic companies that dominated the Japanese economy between the Meiji Restoration and WWII.

ANSWER: zaibatsu (prompt on descriptive answers)


19. This document cites W.H. Taft’s opinion in the case Lum v. Rice, saying that its subject is “within the discretion of the state”. This work claims that its cause is “founded on elemental humanity” and that the government was infringing on parents’ rights. One politician who opposed this measure was called “the most hated man in Congress”. Joel Broyhill and Richard Poff from Virginia were the only (*) Republicans to endorse this document and it was not signed by Democrats Al Gore, Sr. and Estes Kefauver. Claiming “the original Constitution does not mention education”, for 10 points, name this response to Brown v. Board from a number of Congressmen below the Mason-Dixon Line.

ANSWER: Southern Manifesto (or Declaration of Constitutional Principles)


20. The Lady of Cao is a mummy from this culture who may have died during childbirth. A massive structure built by this culture had a river diverted through it to help later settlers loot it for gold and faces a building whose bricks bear over 100 different marks, perhaps representing various work crews. This culture frequently depicted a figure in its art, most commonly as a spider, holding a tumi knife and a severed head that is now called the “Decapitator”. This culture is famous for the sexual acts represented in its (*) pottery, with heterosexual anal sex being the most common. This culture constructed the Huaca del Sol, a gigantic adobe structure at risk for further degradation from El Niño, and its most famous city was Sipán. For 10 points, name this culture of the northern coast of Peru, which had its heyday from ~100-700 CE.

ANSWER: Moche culture or Mochica culture
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