Abstract Background



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Abstract

  • Background: As part of a study to evaluate the accuracy of the GlucoWatch® G2TM Biographer and the Continuous Glucose Monitoring System (CGMSTM) compared with gold standard blood glucose (BG) measurements in children with T1DM, hypoglycemia was induced with intravenous (IV) insulin. This provided the opportunity to study the physiologic response to IV insulin with regard to the rate of development of hypoglycemia. Objective: To determine the BG pattern of insulin-induced hypoglycemia in children with T1DM and assess its relationship to patient factors. Design/Methods: At five clinical centers, 54 subjects with T1DM [26F, 28M, mean age 12+3 yrs (range 7-17)] received an IV insulin bolus (0.05 units/kg when baseline BG 80-100 mg/dL and 0.1 units/kg when baseline BG >100 mg/dL). After 30-60 min, if needed, a second bolus (0.05-0.10 units/kg) was administered (N=24). Oral or intravenous glucose was given when hypoglycemic levels were reached. Venous blood samples were obtained every 5 minutes for up to 90 minutes and glucose determinations were made at a central laboratory. Results: The BG ranged from 76 to 332 mg/dL at baseline and from 17 to 174 mg/dL at nadir. Among 48 subjects whose baseline BG was >100 mg/dL, BG decreased from baseline by at least 50 mg/dL 92% of the time, and BG decreased by at least 50% of the baseline level 85% of the time. A BG <55 mg/dL was reached by 57% and <70 mg/dL by 80%. Among the 49 subjects reaching a nadir < 60 mg/dL or > 50% drop from baseline, the mean time to the nadir BG was 52+23 min for children 7-<12 yrs (n=20) and 60+24 min for children 12-<18 yrs (n=29; p=0.17). Corresponding values were 55+23 min and 58+25 min for subjects using a pump (n=23) and multiple injections (n=26), respectively (p=0.18). When baseline BG was >100 mg/dL, 94% of pump users had a BG drop >50% compared with 80% of injection-users. There were no serious adverse effects of the protocol. Conclusions: With our protocol, a >50% decrease in BG was achieved by most subjects. The data provide useful information about the physiologic response to intravenous insulin in children with T1DM. In addition, the results will be valuable for the design of future physiological studies which aim to induce hypoglycemia through the administration of intravenous insulin.


INTRODUCTION

  • The Diabetes Research in Children Network (DirecNet) is an NIH-funded collaborative study group that consists of five clinical centers, a coordinating center, a central laboratory and representatives from NICHD and NIDDK.

  • DirecNet conducted a study to evaluate the accuracy of the GlucoWatch® G2™ Biographer (Cygnus, Inc., “GW2B”) and Continuous Glucose Monitoring System (“CGMS” Medtronic MiniMed, Northridge CA) compared with reference venous blood glucose (BG) measurements in children with T1DM ages 7-17.

  • The protocol that was used to induce hypoglycemia and the glucose pattern response provides useful information for future research studies.



Objectives

  • To determine the blood glucose pattern of insulin-induced hypoglycemia in children with T1DM.

  • To provide future researchers a description of the protocol used to induce hypoglycemia.

  • To assess factors related to the successful induction of hypoglycemia.



Design/Methods

  • The purpose of this test was to assess sensor function during an acute fall in blood glucose levels to the mildly hypoglycemic range.

    • Goal of test was to achieve serum glucose <55 mg/dL.
  • Pretest

  • Pretest blood glucose level needed to be >80 mg/dL.

    • If < 80 mg/dL, juice or other carbohydrate given orally to raise glucose above this level before starting test.
  • Insulin Dose

  • 0.05-0.10 units/kg body weight of regular insulin by IV bolus.

  • After 30 min, 2nd dose given if target glucose (<55 mg/dL) not achieved.



Glucose Determinations

  • Glucose Determinations

  • Venous samples obtained every 5 min for up to 90 min.

    • Samples analyzed at central lab at University of Minn.
  • Bedside glucose monitoring performed for safety

  • End of Test

  • For subjects who did not reach glucose level <80 mg/dL, test ended after 90 min.

  • For subjects whose glucose decreased to <80 mg/dL:

    • Oral or iv glucose given at investigator discretion if blood glucose fell below 55 mg/dL.
    • Test continued until glucose level was >80 mg/dL.


Clinical Characteristics of Test Subjects (N=54)

  • Gender (male/female) 52%/48%

  • Age (mean ± SD) 12.3 ± 3.4 years

  • Race: White 85%, Hispanic/Latino 6%, African American 6%, Other 4%

  • Duration of Diabetes (years) 5.6 ± 3.8

  • Insulin Treatment Modality

  • Pump/Injections 44%/56%

  • HbA1c (mean ± SD) 7.7% ± 1.3%

  • BMI Percentile (mean ± SD) 67% ± 23%



Bolus Injections

  • Baseline Insulin # with 2nd 2nd Dose**

  • Glucose* Dose** N Injection < .06 .06

  • < 100 < .06 5 0 - -

  • ≥ .06 1 0 - -

  • 100-<200 < .06 20 3 3 0

  • ≥ .06 11 6 4 2

  • ≥ 200 < .06 3 2 2 0

  • ≥ .06 14 13 9 4

  • * mg/dL **units/kg





Change in Glucose from Baseline to Nadir

  • % Meeting

  • N Change(mg/dL) % Change Target*

  • Median 25th-75th %-iles

  • Overall 54 96 (68, 164) 66% (59%, 73%) 57%

  • Subject Age (years)

  • 7-<12 23 95 (69, 159) 65% (58%, 72%) 57%

  • 12-<18 31 96 (59, 173) 67% (59%, 73%) 58%

  • Insulin Route

  • Pump 24 90 (60, 140) 66% (60%, 74%) 79%**

  • Injections 30 96 (75, 167) 64% (55%, 72%) 40%

  • # Bolus Injections

  • One 30 71 (58, 94) 63% (58%, 67%) 77%

  • Two 24 164 (137, 187) 71% (60%, 76%) 33%

  • *Target glucose was ≤ 55 mg/dL.

  • **P-Value= 0.02, controlling for baseline glucose.



Nadir Glucose Value by Baseline



Comparison of Characteristics of Patients Meeting and Not Meeting Target of 55 mg/dL

  • Did Not

  • Met Target Meet Target

  • (N=31) (N=23)

  • Age (median) 12.7 13.5

  • Pump User 61% 22%

  • Baseline Glucose 118 250

  • (median)(mg/dL)

  • 1st Insulin Dose 45% 52%

  • ≥ 0.06 units/Kg

  • 2nd Insulin Dose 26% 70%





Adverse Effects



Representative tracings of sensor glycemic patterns during Insulin induced hypoglycemia



Representative tracings of sensor glycemic patterns during insulin induced hypoglycemia



Sensor Accuracy According to Rate of Glucose Change During Test



Fulfillment of ISO Criteria* According to Rate of Glucose Change During Test



Conclusions

  • During the IV insulin test, a ≥50% decrease in BG was achieved by most subjects.

  • However, only 57% of subjects achieved the target glucose level of 55 mg/dL.

    • Target was reached by only 18% of subjects with baseline glucose >200 mg/dL.
    • Target was reached more often by subjects using pumps than those using injections.
  • Future protocols to induce hypoglycemia should pretreat with insulin to obtain a blood glucose <200 mg/dL prior to starting the test.

  • GW2B and CGMS sensor glucose values were generally within 20% of the serum glucose and accuracy was not affected by rapid decreases in the blood glucose.



  • Barbara Davis Center

    • H. Peter Chase
    • Rosanna Fiallo-Scharer
    • Jennifer Fisher
  • University of Iowa

    • Eva Tsalikian
    • Michael Tansey
    • Linda Larson
  • Nemours Children’s Clinic

    • Tim Wysocki
    • Nelly Mauras
    • Kristen Gagnon


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